Pineapple peel waste was transformed into bacterial cellulose by employing a fermentation process. To achieve a smaller size of the bacterial nanocellulose, the method of high-pressure homogenization was used, followed by an esterification procedure to generate cellulose acetate. To synthesize nanocomposite membranes, 1% TiO2 nanoparticles and 1% graphene nanopowder were employed as reinforcing agents. Employing FTIR, SEM, XRD, BET, tensile tests, and evaluating bacterial filtration effectiveness (plate count method), the nanocomposite membrane was thoroughly analyzed. protozoan infections The experimental data indicated the primary cellulose structure at a diffraction angle of 22 degrees, while a minor change to the cellulose structure was observed at the 14 and 16-degree peaks. The crystallinity of bacterial cellulose increased from 725% to 759%, and the functional group analysis indicated that peak shifts signify a transformation in the membrane's functional groups. The membrane's surface morphology, similarly, exhibited a rougher texture, mirroring the structural attributes of the mesoporous membrane. Furthermore, the inclusion of TiO2 and graphene enhances the crystallinity and the effectiveness of bacterial filtration in the nanocomposite membrane.
Alginate (AL), a hydrogel form, finds widespread application in drug delivery technology. This research yielded an optimal alginate-coated niosome nanocarrier formulation, aimed at co-delivering doxorubicin (Dox) and cisplatin (Cis) to effectively treat breast and ovarian cancers while reducing required drug doses and addressing multidrug resistance. Physiochemical characterization of uncoated niosomes loaded with Cisplatin and Doxorubicin (Nio-Cis-Dox) and comparison with the alginate-coated niosome formulation (Nio-Cis-Dox-AL). To optimize the particle size, polydispersity index, entrapment efficacy (%), and percent drug release of nanocarriers, the three-level Box-Behnken method was evaluated. The encapsulation of Cis and Dox within Nio-Cis-Dox-AL resulted in efficiencies of 65.54% (125%) and 80.65% (180%), respectively. The maximum release of drugs from alginate-coated niosomes exhibited a reduction. Subsequent to alginate coating, a decrease in the zeta potential was quantified in the Nio-Cis-Dox nanocarriers. Cellular and molecular experiments were performed in vitro to investigate the anti-cancer efficacy of Nio-Cis-Dox and Nio-Cis-Dox-AL. Nio-Cis-Dox-AL's IC50, as measured by the MTT assay, was substantially lower than that of the Nio-Cis-Dox formulations and free drugs. Cellular and molecular assays revealed a substantial increase in apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 and A2780 cancer cells when treated with Nio-Cis-Dox-AL, contrasting with the effects observed with Nio-Cis-Dox and free drugs. Compared to uncoated niosomes and the absence of the drug, the coated niosome treatment induced a rise in Caspase 3/7 activity. The combined treatment with Cis and Dox resulted in a synergistic inhibition of cell proliferation in MCF-7 and A2780 cancer cells. Across all anticancer experimental results, the co-delivery of Cis and Dox via alginate-coated niosomal nanocarriers exhibited significant therapeutic efficacy for ovarian and breast cancer treatment.
The structural and thermal characteristics of sodium hypochlorite-oxidized starch were evaluated under the influence of pulsed electric field (PEF) processing. Biocontrol fungi Compared to the conventional oxidation approach, the oxidized starch's carboxyl content saw a 25% increase. Dents and cracks were prominent features on the PEF-pretreated starch's exterior. The peak gelatinization temperature (Tp) of oxidized starch treated with PEF (POS) showed a larger reduction (103°C) than that of oxidized starch without PEF (NOS), experiencing a reduction of 74°C. In addition, the application of PEF treatment decreases the viscosity and improves the thermal stability of the starch slurry. Consequently, the combination of PEF treatment and hypochlorite oxidation proves an effective approach for the preparation of oxidized starch. To promote a wider application of oxidized starch, PEF presents promising opportunities for enhanced starch modification procedures across the paper, textile, and food industries.
Immune defense systems in invertebrate animals frequently include a significant category of molecules, the LRR-IG family, containing leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin domains. From an investigation of the Eriocheir sinensis, a novel LRR-IG, dubbed EsLRR-IG5, emerged. Included in the structural elements, like those seen in LRR-IG proteins, were an N-terminal leucine-rich repeat region and three immunoglobulin domains. In all the tissues tested, EsLRR-IG5 was present, with its transcriptional levels subsequently increasing upon challenge from Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. From the EsLRR-IG5 source, the recombinant LRR and IG domain proteins, rEsLRR5 and rEsIG5, were successfully isolated and obtained. rEsLRR5 and rEsIG5 bound to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, along with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PGN). In addition to this, the rEsLRR5 and rEsIG5 demonstrated activity in combating V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus and had the property of inducing bacterial agglutination in S. aureus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. alginolyticus. The SEM study found that the membrane structure of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus was compromised by rEsLRR5 and rEsIG5, potentially causing cell contents to leak out and lead to the demise of the cells. Further studies on the immune defense mechanism mediated by LRR-IG in crustaceans were suggested by this study, alongside potential antibacterial agents for disease prevention and control in aquaculture.
The storage characteristics and longevity of tiger-tooth croaker (Otolithes ruber) fillets, stored at 4 °C, were assessed using an edible film composed of sage seed gum (SSG) incorporating 3% Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil (ZEO). Results were compared to both a control film (SSG alone) and Cellophane. Other films were outperformed by the SSG-ZEO film in terms of microbial growth reduction (assessed using total viable count, total psychrotrophic count, pH, and TVBN) and lipid oxidation inhibition (evaluated by TBARS), as indicated by a p-value less than 0.005. ZEO's antimicrobial potency peaked with *E. aerogenes* (MIC 0.196 L/mL), whereas its weakest effect was against *P. mirabilis* (MIC 0.977 L/mL). The presence of E. aerogenes, an indicator of biogenic amine production, was observed in refrigerated O. ruber fish. By use of the active film, a significant lessening of biogenic amine accumulation was observed in the samples containing *E. aerogenes*. A clear connection was observed between the active film releasing ZEO's phenolic compounds to the headspace and the decline of microbial growth, lipid oxidation, and biogenic amine formation in the samples. Consequently, a biodegradable antimicrobial-antioxidant packaging option, namely SSG film with 3% ZEO content, is suggested to lengthen the shelf life and reduce biogenic amine formation in refrigerated seafood.
The influence of candidone on DNA's structure and conformation was examined in this investigation through the application of spectroscopic methods, molecular dynamics simulation, and molecular docking studies. Candidone's interaction with DNA, as evidenced by fluorescence emission peaks, ultraviolet-visible spectra, and molecular docking, suggests a groove-binding mechanism. DNA's fluorescence behavior, as measured by spectroscopy, displayed a static quenching effect when exposed to candidone. learn more In addition, the thermodynamic data indicated that candidone's binding to DNA was spontaneous and highly favorable. The binding process was strongly influenced by the hydrophobic forces. Candidone's association, as revealed by Fourier transform infrared data, appeared to be targeted towards adenine-thymine base pairs situated in the DNA minor grooves. A slight modification to DNA structure, caused by candidone, was observed through thermal denaturation and circular dichroism analysis, and this was confirmed by the results from the molecular dynamics simulation study. DNA's structural flexibility and dynamics experienced an alteration to a more extended form, as evidenced by the molecular dynamic simulation.
Recognizing the inherent flammability of polypropylene (PP), a novel and highly efficient carbon microspheres@layered double hydroxides@copper lignosulfonate (CMSs@LDHs@CLS) flame retardant was developed. The compound's efficacy stems from strong electrostatic interactions between carbon microspheres (CMSs), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), and lignosulfonate, coupled with the chelation of lignosulfonate with copper ions; it was then incorporated into the PP matrix. The dispersibility of CMSs@LDHs@CLS within the PP matrix was notably enhanced, alongside the simultaneous attainment of superior flame retardancy in the composite. The inclusion of 200% CMSs@LDHs@CLS in the CMSs@LDHs@CLS and PP composites (PP/CMSs@LDHs@CLS) mixture yielded a limit oxygen index of 293%, fulfilling the UL-94 V-0 requirement. Comparative cone calorimeter testing of PP/CMSs@LDHs@CLS composites against PP/CMSs@LDHs composites revealed reductions in peak heat release rate by 288%, total heat release by 292%, and total smoke production by 115% respectively. The advancements stemmed from the improved dispersion of CMSs@LDHs@CLS throughout the PP matrix, which led to a noticeable reduction in fire hazards for PP, as indicated by the presence of CMSs@LDHs@CLS. The condensed phase flame retardancy of the char layer and the catalytic charring of copper oxides are hypothesized to be factors contributing to the flame retardant property of the CMSs@LDHs@CLSs material.
For potential use in bone defect engineering, a biomaterial comprising xanthan gum and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, impregnated with graphite nanopowder, was successfully developed in this work.