Our examination of this issue involves a sample of 72 children; 40 of them are older two-year-olds, with an average age (Mage) of 278 (.14), and a range (R) of 250-300, and 32 are older four-year-olds, with an average age (Mage) of 477 (.16), and a range (R) of 450-500, all residing in Michigan, United States. A battery of four established ownership tasks evaluated various aspects of children's understanding of ownership. A reliable sequence of children's performance was established through a Guttman test, with 819% of their actions falling within the identified pattern. The sequence of our discoveries indicated that identifying personally owned and familiar objects was first, the establishment of permission as a criterion of ownership second, the understanding of ownership transfers third, and, lastly, the recognition of collections of identical objects. This arrangement points towards two essential components of ownership, on which more complex reasoning can be built: the ability of children to include information about familiar owners in their mental models of objects; and the understanding that control is essential to defining ownership. A crucial initial step in developing a formal ownership scale is the observed progression. This investigation sets the stage for mapping out the cognitive and information-handling demands (including executive function and memory) that are likely at the root of changes in the understanding of ownership during childhood. In 2023, the APA holds all rights to the PsycINFO database record's contents.
We investigated the progression of numerical representations for fractions and decimals, from fourth grade through twelfth grade. In Experiment 1, the magnitude comprehension of rational numbers among 200 Chinese students in grades four, five, six, eight, and twelve (comprising 92 girls and 108 boys) was evaluated through fraction and decimal magnitude comparison tasks, as well as fraction and decimal estimation tasks on 0-1 and 0-5 number lines. Decimal magnitude representations achieved earlier accuracy, experienced more rapid improvement, and ultimately attained a higher asymptotic precision than fractional magnitude representations. Analyses of individual differences indicated a positive connection between the accuracy of decimal magnitude representations and fraction magnitude representations, at all ages. Experiment 2 employed an additional group of 24 fourth-grade students (14 girls, 10 boys) for the same tasks; in contrast, the decimals under comparison exhibited different numbers of decimal places. The superiority of decimals in both magnitude comparison and estimation tasks remained consistent, suggesting the increased accuracy with decimals isn't confined to decimals with the same number of digits, although unequal decimal digit counts did affect performance on magnitude comparison and number line estimation tasks. The consequences for pedagogical strategies and the comprehension of numerical advancement are discussed in depth. The PsycINFO database record, for which the American Psychological Association holds copyright in 2023, possesses all rights.
Two investigations examined the perceived and physiological shifts in anxiety among children (aged 7 to 11; N = 222; 98 female) in a performance setting. This followed their observation of another child encountering a comparable situation, marked by either a negative or neutral outcome. The socioeconomic statuses within the sample's London, United Kingdom, school catchment areas spanned from low to high, accompanied by a representation of 31% to 49% of students from ethnic minority groups. In the first study, subjects observed one of two films depicting a child performing a basic musical instrument, a kazoo. A cinematic work features an assemblage of colleagues who provide negative feedback concerning the presented performance. The other movie's reception by the spectators was one of indifference. Following instrumental performance, participants were filmed, with concurrent measurements of perceived and actual heart rates, alongside individual differences in trait social anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and effortful control. To achieve a more detailed insight into the results of Study 1, Study 2 replicated Study 1's design, augmenting it with a manipulation check alongside measurements of effortful control and self-reported anxiety. Analyses of multiple regressions revealed that, in comparison to viewing a neutral film, exposure to a negative performance film was linked to a diminished heart rate response in children exhibiting low effortful control (studies 1 and 2). These findings propose a correlation between diminished effortful control in children and their disengagement from performance tasks when the social context becomes more threatening. The hierarchical regression analyses of Study 2 indicated that a negative performance film, when contrasted with a neutral film, resulted in higher self-reported anxiety levels among the children. The accumulated findings from this study underscore that anxiety levels in performance settings tend to increase when individuals observe the negative experiences of their peers. The PsycInfo Database Record, copyright (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved, demands the return of this document.
The cognitive systems underlying speech production are illuminated by the presence of speech disfluencies, exemplified by repeated words and pauses. An understanding of how speech fluency might be affected by advancing age is, therefore, essential for characterizing the long-term performance of these systems. Older adults are often believed to be more disfluent, however the current research base on this subject is small and contradicts itself in a significant manner. The longitudinal data, which would reveal if an individual's disfluency rates fluctuate over time, is notably absent. This study, employing a longitudinal sequential design, delves into disfluency changes through the examination of 325 recorded interviews with 91 individuals, ranging in age from 20 to 94. To ascertain the increase in disfluency within later interviews, the spoken expressions of these individuals underwent a comprehensive analysis. With the passage of years, individuals exhibited a decreased speech rate and an elevated tendency to repeat words. Aging, however, did not appear to be connected to other speech disruptions, including the use of vocal fillers ('uh's and 'um's) and self-corrections. Age, while not directly correlating with speech interruptions, influences other speech features, including speaking pace and lexical/syntactic intricacies, in some people, which in turn significantly predicts the lifespan trajectory of disfluencies. These findings facilitate the resolution of past contradictions within this research area, and subsequently they create the conditions for future experimental studies probing the cognitive mechanisms governing modifications in speech production during the healthy aging process. APA, the copyright holder of the 2023 PsycINFO database record, retains all rights.
Expanding upon Westerhof et al.'s (2014) meta-analysis, this work updates the longitudinal investigation of subjective aging's effect on health. A comprehensive search of different databases (APA PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) returned 99 articles that encompass 107 research studies. click here The studies on participants, on average, contained 1863 adults, with a median age of 66 years. A meta-analysis employing randomized controlled trials identified a statistically significant, though small, effect (likelihood ratio 1347, 95% confidence interval 1300-1396, p < 0.001). A similar magnitude to that found in the preceding meta-analysis of 19 studies was observed. The longitudinal link between SA and health outcomes, although demonstrating considerable heterogeneity, showed no variation depending on participants' chronological age, welfare state characteristics (reflecting social security development), duration of follow-up, type of health outcome, or study quality. Measures of self-perceptions of aging, encompassing multiple items, demonstrated stronger effects compared to the frequently employed single-item subjective age measures, specifically regarding physical well-being. This meta-analysis, drawing on five times more studies than the 2014 review, establishes the robust, though quantitatively small, association of SA measures with health and longevity throughout time. click here Further studies should aim to define the processes that underlie the relationship between stress and health, recognizing the potential for a two-way effect. The PsycInfo Database Record, copyright 2023 APA, is being returned with all rights reserved.
Adolescents' substance use habits are profoundly affected by their social bonds with their peers. Consequently, a significant body of research spanning several decades has investigated the relationship between substance use and adolescents' general feelings of closeness towards their peers, hereafter referred to as peer bonding.
The initiative delivered a medley of successes and setbacks, leading to a mixed and nuanced final result. This report sought to analyze how the operational definitions of peer connectedness and substance use influence their intertwined relationship.
A systematic review procedure was undertaken to locate a comprehensive collection of studies scrutinizing the relationship between peer connectedness and substance use. Through the application of a three-level meta-analytic regression, an empirical assessment was made to determine if the operationalization of these variables modulated effect sizes across the different studies.
From the 147 identified studies, 128 underwent a multilevel meta-analytic regression model analysis. Operationalizations of peer connectedness differed considerably, utilizing a combination of sociometric and self-report approaches to measure this construct. From the diverse array of measures, sociometric indices, specifically those concerning popularity, were the strongest predictors of substance use. click here Sociometric measures and self-report data on friendships revealed a less consistent pattern in their relationship with substance use.
Adolescents who perceive themselves as popular are more likely to engage in substance use.